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[17 Jan 2005|04:37pm] |
New Journal
Carrotcake_x
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[16 Dec 2004|09:27pm] |
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mood |
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4 hours of equestrian? olypmia live coverage? i cant bleve my luck =D
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[18 Nov 2004|08:50pm] |
SNOW!!!!!!!!!!
WOOOOO
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[08 Nov 2004|07:33pm] |
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my guinea pig died:(
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[03 Nov 2004|10:27pm] |
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republican voting dolts
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[02 Nov 2004|03:58pm] |
woo, actually going to update with an update, not my pschology notes =p
so, recently
well, sorted everything out in psychology, mr wakefield is still an idiot though. hopefully will have got a good mark on my work, but who knows.
spent my wholleeee half term at riding.
really gerrin 2 grips with bobby now, went 4 a lesson on him and eric (instructor, hard 2 impress) was impressed, which is excellent =D
going 2 take him2 some shows soon, and hopefully he wont go in2 cross country mode and just gallop =)
my birfdy on satdy, hopefully my bros got me an ipod. that would be ded sexy =D. and i got my 1st drivin lesson *is ded nervous* gonna crash and die im sure of it.
my sisters sorted everything out with her hubby and hes moved back in which is ded good =D but my bros split with his girl =(
meh, i dno wot else really.
x
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[20 Oct 2004|10:09am] |
Some people may have a nervous system that goes into a stress reaction more readily than others. This could be due to individual differences in genetics and brain chemistry.
To try to understand stress better, we need to consider the psychological factors involved - emotional and cognitive (thinking) factors.
Research has suggested that major stressors in our lives are life changes, for example, moving house, marriage or relationship breakdown. Work-related factors, including unemployment and boredom, are also common causes of stress. Differences in personality may also play a part.
A stress reaction is a response to a perceived threat. Different people perceive things in different ways, so a situation that one person finds very stressful might not be to someone else.
COGNITIVE APPRAISAL.
Richard Lazarus (1976) developed one of the first transactional models of stress. He argued that cognitive appraisal is the key to understanding stress. Cognitive means thinking; appraisal means making a judgement or evaluating.
PRIMARY APPRAISAL; this is the first appraisal people make. They decide whether an event is positive, neutral or negative. If they decide the event is negative, then they make a further appraisal in terms of its possible harm, threat, or challenge.
SECONDARY APPRAISAL; involves an evaluation of coping abilities and resources for dealing with the situation. The experience of stress will depend on both the primary and secondary appraisal. If harm and threat are seen as high and coping abilities and resources perceived as low then a high level of stress is probably. If the coping abilities and resources are seen as high, then the experience of stress may well be minimal. The transactional model has the advantage of accounting for individual differences in the stress response – the differences between people, which lead them to difference between people, which lead them to respond in different ways to a possible stressor.
Life events and stress
In 1967, Holmes and Rahe came up with the idea of a ‘social readjustment rating scale’ (or SRRS for short). This was an attempt to quantify life change - any change in your life that might cause stress.
Scores are calculated for a person’s experiences over the past year. Studies using the scale have found that high life change scores (300+) are related to relatively high frequency of illness, accidents and athletic injuries.
The table below shows a few life changes identified by Holmes and Rahe as serious stressors.
Event Score
Death of spouse 100
Divorce 73
Marriage 50
Fired from work 47
Pregnancy 40
Vacation 13
Christmas 12
You might be surprised to see Christmas and holidays in there, but they can really be seriously stressful for many people.
Other research in the 1990’s showed a correlation between high levels of negative life events with increased vulnerability to colds.
The trouble with this ‘social readjustment rating scale’ is that it does not account for the fact that some people will find the same sort of event less stressful than others - for example, divorce could be perceived as a relief or a disaster. We cannot give reliable predictions about risks of stress-related illness based on this scale.
Lazarus and colleagues in the 1980s came up with a different stress measurement scale called the ‘hassles and uplifts scale’. They claimed that, rather than major life changes, it is day-to-day hassles or small uplifts that determine our overall levels of stress.
Daily Hassles Daily Uplifts
1. Concerns about weight 1. Relating well to spouse or lover
2. Health of a family member 2. Relating well to friends
3. Rising prices of common cuts 3. Completing a task
4. Home maintenance 4. Feeling healthy
5. Too many things to do 5. Getting enough sleep
6. Misplacing or losing things 6. Eating out
7. Outside home maintenance 7. Meeting your responsibilities
8. Property, investment or taxes 8. Visiting, phoning or writing to someone
9. Crime 9. Spending time with the family
10. Physical appearance 10. Finding your home a pleasant environment
Personality and stress
In the 1970s, Friedman and Rosenman carried out a nine-year study of 1000 people to try to find out if personality type affected stress levels. They came up with the idea of the 'Type A' personality
The typical ‘type A’ person is competitive, time-conscious, ‘workaholic’ and easily frustrated with others. Researchers have suggested that this sort of person would be likely to show more risky behaviour such as smoking, poor diet and so on.
257 men in their study died from heart attacks - 70% of those who died had been judged as having ‘type A’ personalities.
Critics have argued that it is very difficult to decide if someone has a ‘type A’ personality or not.
They also say that the connection between personality and heart disease is weak, maintaining that negative emotions such as anger and frustration are more linked to stress-related illness than ‘workaholic’ lifestyles. These emotions may not be fixed aspects of someone’s personality.
In the late 1970’s, Kobasa came up with a theory of why some people suffer stress more easily than others, suggesting that some people are ‘hardy personality types’.
These people have a sense of personal control over their lives, a sense of purpose and they view life events as challenges rather than stresses. Such people report less stress-related illness.
Workplace stressors
In recent years the workplace has been seen as the major source of stress.
Work overload; one way of identifying work overload is in terms of the number of hours worked per week. This assumes that long hours result in work overload. A number of studies suggest a relationship between long hours, stress and ill-health. For example a study of workers under the age of 45 in light industry found that those who worked over 48 hours a week were over twice as likely to develop coronary heart disease than those who worked 40 hours or less (Breslow and Buell, 1960)
ROLE AMBIGUITY
A role is a set of directives about how to behave when occupying a particular social position or status. Role ambiguity occurs when the guidelines for a role are unclear and ill-defined.
ROLE CONFLICT.
Role conflict occurs when the requirements of two or more roles conflict or when aspects of one particular role conflicts with a non work role, such as the role of a parent.
Stress and control of situations
Other research suggests that ‘type A’ people are not more vulnerable to stress than others, so other factors must play a part, for example:
CONTROL
Does being in control mean more stress or less?
Brady carried out a notorious experiment in the 1950s called ‘the executive monkey experiment’ to see how ‘executive stress’ was related to control of a situation. Stress was measured by the amount of stomach ulcers suffered by the monkeys when placed in conditions in which they were given repeated electric shocks at regular intervals.
Brady found that ‘executive monkeys’, who had the power to turn off the electric shocks, developed greater ulceration than ‘passive monkeys’ who were dependent on their ‘executive’ partners to stop the shocks for them.
Weiss, however, repeated this study with rats using a warning bell to let them know when a shock was about to arrive - giving them an extra level of control - this was found to reduce stress-related symptoms.
Think a bit - what would you conclude from these ‘executive stress’ experiments?
In the 1970s, Seligman carried out another control-related study and came up with the idea of ‘learned helplessness’.
Seligman found that when animals had experienced inescapable electric shocks, they did not escape later even when they were given the chance to.
This phenomenon also occurs in humans in response to loud noise. Seligman’s work suggested that if life seems uncontrollable, it could lead to symptoms of depression - and depression is often stress-related.
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[11 Oct 2004|03:28pm] |
o dear god
omg
omg
omg
TOTS TV!!! ;oefihe[r9gh#2
dfv!!
i dno y she had 2 talk in french tho
im a tot je suis une tot (8)
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[05 Oct 2004|05:54pm] |
its shockingly believable (except 4 the artistic talent, i love art but i suck =P)
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[04 Oct 2004|06:42pm] |
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mood |
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 chipper |
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o0o ya,y, so livejournals actually working!
so last weds i went 2 rescue rooms 2 c ordinary boys
and
o
m
g
how good are they seriously? very good is the answer =)
the support bands were amazing 2
i cant remember wot the 1st one was called but they were all awfully perdy ;) and the lead singer was totally insane (u had 2 b there 2 get what i meant) i swear he was stoned, but he jumped in2 the crowd n just started randomly walkin in2 every1..tres bizarre
the 2nd band, kaiser chiefs, were just...odd hehe in a good way, the leadsinger had a cow bell and he went *bang bang bang* made me larf
umm so yeah thats all i wanted 2 update about...
every1 go and see the ordinary boys!
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[26 Aug 2004|11:20am] |
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mood |
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2 A's 7 B's and a C
go me!
=D
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[16 Aug 2004|11:49pm] |
how much do i love the olympics?
too much
:D
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[15 Aug 2004|10:36pm] |
JUST ATE MOTHER-FUCKIN-MEAT!
WOO!
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[10 Aug 2004|04:35pm] |
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daviooooO
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[22 Jul 2004|11:19pm] |
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mood |
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last night in england 4 2 weeks ='( *cries 4ever*
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[21 Jul 2004|07:56pm] |
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mood |
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bestest simpsons ever =D
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[19 Jul 2004|11:45pm] |
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mood |
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music |
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snow patrol - spittin games |
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*sigh*
where 2 begin.
i havent been home since thursday, and ive oinly just got back
been riding
yes it is my life
on saturday me bobbo, charlie, came that ive got 4 the summer and probably a bit longer
hes huge
hes grown since i last saw him and hes the most b-e-a-u-tiful thing ive ever seen
hes 2 years old and hes already 16.1hh. thats huge
fucking huge
but hes so calm n gentle and u can rub round his ears and pick up his feet, which is prewtty impressive 4 a 2 year old that aint bin out a field all his life i would say.
his sister, willow, is pretty cool 2. shes 1 and shes 15hh already id say =| and shes got a roman nose =)
shes calm like charlie 2 and lets us faff about with her.
we went 2 barbara's lesson and before we went we deer proofed the fence they were in so they couldnt get out.
and bugga me
wen we'd got back they were in a different field and had 2 jump 3ft3 with a ditch behind it 2 get thru =| which is pretty impressive 2 i think =)
so i dont want 2 have 2 get rid of him even tho hes gonna make about 17hh =S
i think i could event him =)
which would b sooper
we had 2 turn bobby out with them so that they wouldnt jump out again =p
poor old bobs.
he lives in usually and now hes got 2 babysit
hehe
on sunday i went up 2 ripley and really made an effort over my jumps cuz i have a tendancy 2 look like a retard
=)
so i tried ded hard n stuff n she was exshlant =D so i was ded chuffed.
we had the stile down in show jumpin but it was my fault cuz she cut her corner and i let her =( *smacks wrist*
but she went amazing in working hunter =D went clear and jumped like a stag, and did a relatively calm for hannah! we got 2nd so we did good and kept our points up =D
my wonderful friend caroline let me ride her pony in games, and we were hilarious =D
got 2 2nds and a 1st =)
which was cool
caroline asked me 2 go 2 a comedy club with her but im on holiday =(
stoopid holiday
so were goin on a hack wen i get back and i get 2 ride her nutter pony cuz they want a cheap laff =D hehe
cant wait!
2day me n barbara went lookin a graveyard 4 a walnut tree
and i kept treddin on graves and apologisin cuz i felt ded bad =(
we found the walnut tree and robbed it of its leaves 2 help sooth charlies sweet itch
poor babyy
we did some 'necessary' shopping 2 and spent about £200 quid
which was impressive
hehe
bobby was havin his shoes done so we figured wed put the youngsters in stables so they could see him being shod n stuff
they were so good comin up the field.
unbelievably good infact
we had a bit of trouble getting them in the stable, but no more than expected.
they both got scared
and panicy cuz they wernt together
and willow banged her head so barbara closed the top door. which...did nothing. willow knocked her water bucket...well hannahs cuz she was in hannahs stable, over and broke it and all the water spilled out and she fell over =(
which was bad.
and then charlie got worked up..and walked through his door.
no effot involved. just walked. straight out
so we turned them out again and they were fine.
they need weaning. again.
they needed worming, so we prepared our selfs holding on 2 their lead ropes in the field.
and bugga me.
they just took it
didnt lift their heads once,
not even a millimetre.
bit of an anti climax but nay mind =)
so im home and ive got 2 start thinkin about this stupid 'holiday'
im so not lookin 4ward 2 it. especially not now ive got charlie.
its so crap!
=( *sigh* i hate america. really do. on plus side cheap clothes. i hope. probably not tho.
long entry?
xXx
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[13 Jul 2004|10:27pm] |
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mood |
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 shocked |
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just bin randomly bought a horse 2 play about with =O
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bexielicious's journal
Twinkle